Oceanography

Oceanography is the study of the biological and physical properties of the world’s largest bodies of water, the oceans.

Oceanography is a branch of Earth science and geography that studies the oceans, including their physical and biological aspects, as well as the interactions between the oceans and the atmosphere, land, and other bodies of water. It involves the study of ocean currents, waves, tides, temperature, salinity, and other physical characteristics, as well as the diverse array of marine life that inhabits the world’s oceans.

Warmer Oceans Will Make Hurricanes More Intense

Geo Contributor

Since hurricanes draw their energy from ocean heat, warmer waters can increase both their intensity and duration.

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is Much Larger Than Previously Thought

Caitlin Dempsey

Researchers using surface trawl samples and aerial imagery surveys have calculated the amount of plastic debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

Scientists at Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) in the UK, funded via the UK National Centre for Earth Observation, working with colleagues from France, have combined ocean-colour satellite data made available through ESA’s Climate Change Initiative with in situ measurements from Argo and new Bio-Argo floats, partially-funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council, to work out how much energy is transported from the ocean’s surface down to the mesopelagic layer. They estimate that seasonal mixed layer pump moves around 300 million tonnes of carbon each year, which is a vital energy source for organisms living in the deep dark part of the ocean. Source: Plymouth Marine Laboratory

Satellites Delve into the Depths of One of the Earth’s Largest Ecosystems

Liam Oakwood

Satellite imagery is helping marine scientists gain new understanding of ocean ecosystems.

The different sources that contribute to the magnetic field measured by Swarm. The coupling currents or field-aligned currents flow along magnetic field lines between the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Source: ESA/DTU Space

Measuring the Ocean’s Magnetic Field with Satellites

Liam Oakwood

The European Space Agency’s Swarm satellites are investigating the Earth’s magnetic field and the part that shifting ocean tides play.

The red star makes the location of Point Nemo.

What is Point Nemo?

Caitlin Dempsey

Point Nemo is a pole of inaccessibility that marks the furthest location from the ocean to the nearest coastline.

Modeled optimal September navigation routes for hypothetical ships seeking to cross the Arctic Ocean between the North Atlantic (Rotterdam, The Netherlands and St. John’s, Newfoundland) and the Pacific (Bering Strait) during consecutive years 2006–2015 and 2040–2059. Source: Smith and Stephenson, 2013.

The Impacts of Arctic Melt Connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Elizabeth Borneman

Researchers in Global Change Biology explore how Arctic melt, merging the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, impacts animal migration.

An aerial showing the coastline with a magenta line and two inset images of underwater seafloor.

2,000 Miles of Ocean Seafloor and Coastline Imagery Available from the USGS

Elizabeth Borneman

The U.S. Geological Survey offers 2,000 miles worth of coastlines and seafloor imagery surrounding the United States to the public to view.

Sources of salt in the ocean. Figure: Why is the ocean salty, USGS, public domain.

How Did the Oceans Get Salty?

Joe Akintola

Why is the ocean salty? Where did the salt come from?

Underwater Global Warming

Rebecca Maxwell

Scientists are using satellites and remote sensing to better understand changes in sea-surface temperatures.