What is a Map?

Elizabeth Borneman

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A map is something we’ve all likely held in our hands, scratched our heads over or marked with pushpins to show where we’ve been and where we’d like to go next.

Maps are used to visualize the greater world, to find our way to places we’ve never been before, and to help us navigate even when we can’t see.

Section of the Half-Dome US Topo map. Map: USGS
Section of the Half-Dome US Topo map. Map: USGS

There are thousands upon thousands of different maps from every conceivable era of time designed by extraordinary and ordinary people, depicting people and places as they are and as they were seen.

Maps can be strictly geographically accurate or drawn based on perceptions; no matter what kind of map it is, much more than just location can be learned from each and every one.

A mental map of a neighborhood. Source: Caitlin Dempsey.
A mental map is a map drawn from memory of a location. A mental map of a neighborhood. Source: Caitlin Dempsey.

A common understanding of a map is one that is a flat or 2D representation of a location. Maps, however, can also be there dimensional such as a globe or a 3D virtual globe (like Google Earth).



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Maps can show a perceived or actual relationship between objects, regions, or ideas whether real or imagined. The creation of maps throughout human history have given researchers great insight into how different cultures and civilizations saw the world around them based on how they made maps and what was depicted on those creations.

The city of Portland, Oregon used GIS to assess the walkability of its urban areas. Orange to white areas indicate areas of higher access to stores and other commercials services. Blue to magenta areas have less immediate pedestrian access to services. The city's Climate Action Plan "sets an objective for 2030 calling for vibrant neighborhoods in which 90% of Portland residents can easily walk or bicycle to meet all basic daily, non-work needs". Map: City of Portland.
The city of Portland, Oregon used GIS to map out the walkability of its urban areas. Orange to white areas indicate areas of higher access to stores and other commercials services. Blue to magenta areas have less immediate pedestrian access to services. The city’s Climate Action Plan “sets an objective for 2030 calling for vibrant neighborhoods in which 90% of Portland residents can easily walk or bicycle to meet all basic daily, non-work needs”. Map: City of Portland.

Elements of a Map

Maps commonly have a few features that allow them to be read universally. These features include a compass rose which shows where due North, East, South and West are in relation to the landforms on the map. Modern maps typically are drawn with North at the top, but this is not always the case and certainly wasn’t for many thousands of years (see: map orientation).

A compass rose showing just the cardinal points of north, south, east, and west.
A compass rose showing just the cardinal points of north, south, east, and west. Adapted from Brosen~commonswiki, CC BY 2.5, Medawiki Commons

Maps also have a scale, which shows how small the picture is in relation to the actual size of the landmass shown on the map. This is sometimes shown as a ratio like 1:1,000,000 or ‘one centimeter equals 100 kilometers’ on the map.

Map scale on a USGS Topo map.
Map scale on a USGS Topo map.

Different maps use symbols to show rivers, lakes, cities, capitols, different kinds of roads (like highways or side streets), and different environments such as deserts or marshlands that exist in the region. These symbols are shown in the key or legend, a box on the map that deciphers these symbols for quick and easy map reading.

You might also spy a grid overlay on the map, which can not only help you determine how far places are away from each other but also give you an easier way to reference the places you are trying to find.

For instance, most maps have latitude and longitude lines labeled alphabetically one direction and numerically the other.

If you wanted to find a specific town you just look it up in the map’s index and reference the letter and number on the grid, which would give you a more focused look at where to find the place you’re looking for. (see: elements of a map)

Elements of a map
Common elements of a map. Used with permission, QGIS.

Early Maps

Maps were created using stones, clay, and other materials common to the regions they were made. These maps were often very abstract, as early civilizations didn’t have the ability to map and scope locations specifically or mathematically. Therefore these maps are made with certain cities or countries at their centers, rather than a cardinal direction like North.

Imago Mundi from Babylonia, 500 BCE.
Imago Mundi from Babylonia, 500 BCE. More: Oldest map in the world

Evidence of this is seen in early maps showing Jerusalem as the center with cities like Acre, Aleppo, Damascus, Amman, and Tyre around it; some maps discovered in Japan can only be read when aligned with the imperial palace.

Early maps were also often drawn with an emphasis on the waterways nearby, whether these were the oceans or seas nearby or local rivers and lakes. Water was and continues to be the most important resource for sustaining civilizations and therefore was shown on maps very early on.

Modern Maps

Today we have the ability to create map projections, or ways of seeing the 3D world on 2D surfaces. Each projection has its pros and cons, as it is impossible to create a 100% accurate flat representation of a 3D surface without distortions.

Common projections are the Mercator Projection, Cahill’s Butterfly Map, Wagner VI Projection, and the Mollweide Projection. These are only a few of the many different kinds of modern map projections we have at our fingertips!

Being able to map the world around us is a skill that cartographers (map makers) have continued to learn and perfect over years of work and study. Maps of ancient civilizations helped us create our understanding of the world today in addition to how they saw the world around them then. Who knows- in a thousand more years, how much more of our world will we be able to map, and what will people then think of our maps now?

References

Wikipedia. Maps. 2014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map

Oswego City School District. Elementary Test Prep Center. 2011. http://www.studyzone.org/testprep/ela4/g/mapl.cfm

National Geographic. Education. Encyclopedia: Maps. 2014. http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/map/?ar_a=1

Earth Science. Types of Maps. 2010. https://msnucleus.org/membership/html/jh/earth/mapstype/lesson1/mapstypes01a.html

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About the author
Elizabeth Borneman
My name is Elizabeth Borneman and I am a freelance writer, reader, and coffee drinker. I live on a small island in Alaska, which gives me plenty of time to fish, hike, kayak, and be inspired by nature. I enjoy writing about the natural world and find lots of ways to flex my creative muscles on the beach, in the forest, or down at the local coffee shop.