Biogeography

Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

Regional map of the terrestrial ecosystems of the contiguous United States. Source: NatureServe, 2025.

High Resolution Ecosystem Map of the Contiguous United States and Adjacent Areas

Caitlin Dempsey

NatureServe has developed an updated 30-meter hexagon map of regional ecosystems in the contiguous United States and adjacent areas.

Two world maps shaded in green for 10% and 30% forest area.

Defining How Much of the World is Covered by Forests

Caitlin Dempsey

With no universal definition, mapping and comparing forest coverage around the world is challenging.

A chestnut-backed chickadee on a redwood branch.

Number of “Dees” in a Chickadee’s Alarm Call is Related to the Danger Level of Nearby Predators

Caitlin Dempsey

The number of "dees" in a chickadee's alarm call correlates with the size and threat level of the predator.

A giant sequoia tree at Yosemite National Park's Mariposa Grove of Big Trees.

Geography of Giant Sequoias

Elizabeth Borneman

Giant sequoias are one of the longest lived tree species, with the oldest giant sequoia living an estimated 3,400 years.

A lizard clinging upright on a steep rock with dried grass behind it.

Urbanization is Shortening the Legs of Western Fence Lizards

Caitlin Dempsey

Western fence lizards have adapted to manmade surfaces in urban areas by developing shorter limbs and toes.

An American robin on a tree branch.

Most Abundant Landbird in the United States and Canada

Caitlin Dempsey

The American robin has the largest population among all landbirds in the United States and Canada.

A fox squirrel lying with legs stretched in the grass.

Why Do Squirrels Lie Flat?

Caitlin Dempsey

There are several reasons for why squirrels will lie flat on the ground, a patio railing, or tree branch.

The color of water is a by product of how light is absorbed. Mangrove islands bespeckle the bay in upper Lostman's River. Photo: Paul Nelson, U.S. Geological Survey. Public domain.

How Mapping Mangrove Species Can Help With Coastal Erosion Mitigation

Mark Altaweel

Species-specific mangrove maps aid conservation by targeting protection efforts and resources against storm surges and coastal erosion.

An abnormal growth of leaves in a conifer tree.

Witch’s Broom in Trees: Dense Clump of Leaves and Branches

Caitlin Dempsey

Witch's broom affects trees like birch, spruce, and pine, causing dense twig and leaf clusters due to pathogens, parasites, and environmental stressors.

A satellite image of a section of Antartica with brown stains of Penguin guano.

Tracking Penguin Colonies Through Their Droppings

Elizabeth Borneman

Researchers are using satellite imagery to map Antarctica’s penguin population by estimating their numbers based on the large guano stains left behind.

A view across forest covered mountains with a band of fog stretching just below the peak of the far mountain.

Will Cool Air Pooling Protect Some Forests from Climate Change?

Caitlin Dempsey

Researchers looked at the link between cool air pooling and cold-adapted forest composition.

A photo looking up towards the sky of conifer trees on a blue sunny day.

Forecasting Phytoclimates 

Mark Altaweel

A study of 135,153 vascular plant species predicts that by 2070, 33-68% of land on Earth will experience significant phytoclimate changes.

A grayscale map of the world with graduated symbols representing in pink observe bird extinctions, blue for fossils records, and orange for undiscovered bird extinctions.

Human-Driven Extinction of Birds

Mark Altaweel

Researchers using models and historical records estimate that up to 11% of all bird species have gone extinct since the Late Pleistocene.

A map showing in orange the range of steller's jay and in blue the range of blue jay over a gray shaded relief map of the United States.

This Bird is Not the Only Crested Jay West of the Rocky Mountains

Caitlin Dempsey

Since the 1960s, blue jays have gradually extended their range past the Rocky Mountains into the western United States and Canada.

Maps showing age of forest stands (left) and estimate tree canopy heights (right).

Measuring Tree Height With a Two-Satellite Constellation

Caitlin Dempsey

Researchers used synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from colocated satellites to estimate tree canopy height.

A shaded relief map with green overlay showing the historic range of the American Chestnut.

American Chestnut: the Struggle to Save the ‘Redwood of the East’

Katarina Samurović

Scientists and conservationists are working to rescue the American Chestnut from going completely extinct.

A silhouette of an ibex at sunset with the horns showing.

Why Climate Change is Making Some Animals More Nocturnal

Caitlin Dempsey

Increase daytime heat linked to climate change is driving some wildlife to become more active at night.

A seabird with wings outstretched flying out from the ocean with water splashing around the bird.

Individual Seabird Adaption to Climate Change

Mark Altaweel

Scientists tracked the migratory patterns of 145 seabirds to map how individual shearwaters are adapting to climate change.

Photo of a mountain lion walking on a rock.

Using GIS to Map an Individual Animal’s Home Range

Caitlin Dempsey

GIS can be used to map the estimated home range based on the collected point locations of individual animals as they move through an environment.

A raft of sea otters. Photo: USFWS, public domain

Sea Otters are a Keystone Species

Caitlin Dempsey

Keystone species are plants or animals, like the sea otter, whose presence in an ecosystem plays a crucial role in its health.

A shaded relief map centered on Antarctica with different colored circles for the different types of penguin nesting sites.

Geography of Penguins

Caitlin Dempsey

Penguin are agile swimming birds with habitat that ranges from Antarctica to the Galapagos Islands.

A male Mexican wolf stands on a snow covered log.

Reintroduction of the Mexican wolf nears 25th anniversary

Mark Altaweel

Reintroduction efforts to improve Mexican wolf populations in the wild began in 1998 and recent populations now exceed 200 wolves.

A clump of dried and browned leaves in a bright green leaved deciduous tree.

What are Those Clumps in Trees?

Caitlin Dempsey

A dense clump of dried leaves and twigs in a tree is mostly likely a squirrel's nest, known as a drey.

A cropped closeup view of the monarch butterflies.

Monarch Butterfly Overwintering in California

Caitlin Dempsey

November and December are the best times to see large clusters of monarch butterflies overwintering in the coastal groves of California.

A diagram with shrubs and trees planted together to explain a Miyawaki Forest.

Benefits of Microforests

Katarina Samurović

Microforest projects use the Miyawaki method fast-track the growth of dense, biodiverse forests, aiming to achieve full growth in 20-30 years.

What is the Difference Between a Crow and a Raven

Caitlin Dempsey

Here are some ways you can determine the difference between the common raven (Corvus corax) and the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos).

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