Biogeography

Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals.

Western gray squirrel peeking around a moss-covered oak tree branch.

Why Do Squirrels Lie Flat?

Caitlin Dempsey

Splooting helps squirrels lie flat to regulate body temperature, avoid predators, sunbathe, and rest. Explore the science behind this behavior.

A bald eagle sitting looking to the right and down in a leafless tree on a cloudy day.

Greatest Concentration of Breeding Bald Eagles in the Contiguous United States

Caitlin Dempsey

The San Juan Islands support one of the highest densities of breeding bald eagles in the contiguous United States. Here's why.

Map of Italy showing the locations of ancient oak populations on Montecristo Island and Aspromonte Mountain, with photos of representative trees from each site.

Tracing Medieval Rewilding Through Italy’s Ancient Oaks

Caitlin Dempsey

A study of ancient oak trees reveals how changes in human land use allowed forests to expand across parts of Italy during the medieval period.

A clump of dried and browned leaves in a bright green leaved deciduous tree.

What are Those Clumps in Trees?

Caitlin Dempsey

Discover why squirrels build dreys, the leafy nests hidden high in trees, and why they become easier to spot after autumn leaves fall.

Crown shyness in trees. Gaps between the tree canopies on Fire Island. Photo: NPS, public domain.

Crown Shyness: When Trees Need Personal Space

Caitlin Dempsey

Why don't tree branches touch? Crown shyness is the natural phenomenon that creates the gaps between neighboring tree canopies.

Regional map of the terrestrial ecosystems of the contiguous United States. Source: NatureServe, 2025.

High Resolution Ecosystem Map of the Contiguous United States and Adjacent Areas

Caitlin Dempsey

NatureServe has developed an updated 30-meter hexagon map of regional ecosystems in the contiguous United States and adjacent areas.

A meadow at Russian Ridge Open Space Preserve in the Santa Cruz Mountains with California poppies. Photo: Caitlin Dempsey.

Where Superblooms Occur in the United States

Caitlin Dempsey

Discover where superblooms occur across the United States, from California's deserts to spectacular spring wildflower displays across the West.

Two world maps shaded in green for 10% and 30% forest area.

How Much Forest Covers the Earth Depends on the Definition

Caitlin Dempsey

Forest cover estimates vary because there is no universal definition of a forest. Learn how canopy cover, tree height, and area thresholds affect global forest maps.

A chestnut-backed chickadee on a redwood branch.

Number of “Dees” in a Chickadee’s Alarm Call is Related to the Danger Level of Nearby Predators

Caitlin Dempsey

The number of "dees" in a chickadee's alarm call correlates with the size and threat level of the predator.

A giant sequoia tree at Yosemite National Park's Mariposa Grove of Big Trees.

Geography of Giant Sequoias

Elizabeth Borneman

Giant sequoias are one of the longest lived tree species, with the oldest giant sequoia living an estimated 3,400 years.

A lizard clinging upright on a steep rock with dried grass behind it.

Urbanization is Shortening the Legs of Western Fence Lizards

Caitlin Dempsey

Western fence lizards have adapted to manmade surfaces in urban areas by developing shorter limbs and toes.

An American robin on a tree branch.

Most Abundant Landbird in the United States and Canada

Caitlin Dempsey

The American robin has the largest population among all landbirds in the United States and Canada.

The color of water is a by product of how light is absorbed. Mangrove islands bespeckle the bay in upper Lostman's River. Photo: Paul Nelson, U.S. Geological Survey. Public domain.

How Mapping Mangrove Species Can Help With Coastal Erosion Mitigation

Mark Altaweel

Species-specific mangrove maps aid conservation by targeting protection efforts and resources against storm surges and coastal erosion.

An abnormal growth of leaves in a conifer tree.

Witch’s Broom in Trees: Dense Clump of Leaves and Branches

Caitlin Dempsey

Witch's broom affects trees like birch, spruce, and pine, causing dense twig and leaf clusters due to pathogens, parasites, and environmental stressors.

A satellite image of a section of Antartica with brown stains of Penguin guano.

Finding Penguin Colonies from Space

Elizabeth Borneman

Satellite observations help researchers track penguin populations in some of the most remote regions of Antarctica.

A view across forest covered mountains with a band of fog stretching just below the peak of the far mountain.

Will Cool Air Pooling Protect Some Forests from Climate Change?

Caitlin Dempsey

Researchers looked at the link between cool air pooling and cold-adapted forest composition.

A photo looking up towards the sky of conifer trees on a blue sunny day.

Forecasting Phytoclimates 

Mark Altaweel

A study of 135,153 vascular plant species predicts that by 2070, 33-68% of land on Earth will experience significant phytoclimate changes.

A grayscale map of the world with graduated symbols representing in pink observe bird extinctions, blue for fossils records, and orange for undiscovered bird extinctions.

Human-Driven Extinction of Birds

Mark Altaweel

Researchers using models and historical records estimate that up to 11% of all bird species have gone extinct since the Late Pleistocene.

A map showing in orange the range of steller's jay and in blue the range of blue jay over a gray shaded relief map of the United States.

This Bird is Not the Only Crested Jay West of the Rocky Mountains

Caitlin Dempsey

Since the 1960s, blue jays have steadily expanded their range beyond the Rocky Mountains into western North America.

Maps showing age of forest stands (left) and estimate tree canopy heights (right).

Measuring Tree Height with a Pair of Satellites

Caitlin Dempsey

Using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from two satellites, researchers developed a method for estimating tree canopy height.

A shaded relief map with green overlay showing the historic range of the American Chestnut.

American Chestnut: the Struggle to Save the ‘Redwood of the East’

Katarina Samurović

Scientists and conservationists are working to rescue the American Chestnut from going completely extinct.

A silhouette of an ibex at sunset with the horns showing.

Why Climate Change is Making Some Animals More Nocturnal

Caitlin Dempsey

As daytime temperatures rise, some animals are becoming more active at night to avoid heat stress.

A seabird with wings outstretched flying out from the ocean with water splashing around the bird.

Individual Seabird Adaption to Climate Change

Mark Altaweel

Scientists tracked the migratory patterns of 145 seabirds to map how individual shearwaters are adapting to climate change.

Photo of a mountain lion walking on a rock.

Using GIS to Map an Individual Animal’s Home Range

Caitlin Dempsey

GIS can be used to model animal home ranges using location data collected through radio telemetry and GPS tracking.

A raft of sea otters. Photo: USFWS, public domain

Sea Otters are a Keystone Species

Caitlin Dempsey

Keystone species are plants or animals, like the sea otter, whose presence in an ecosystem plays a crucial role in its health.

A shaded relief map centered on Antarctica with different colored circles for the different types of penguin nesting sites.

Geography of Penguins

Caitlin Dempsey

Discover where penguins live, from Antarctic sea ice to tropical islands, and what shapes their geographic distribution.

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