How Ice Balls Form

Caitlin Dempsey

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Formation of ice balls (diameter 5–10 cm) in Stroomi Beach, Tallinn, Estonia. Image: Aleksandr Abrosimov, Wikimedia

When conditions are just right, a strange phenomenon called ice balls or ice eggs can form along beaches during the cold winter months.

How are ice balls formed?

Ice balls can form when the temperatures are slightly below freezing along shallow and slightly sloping sandy beaches.   A slight swell in the water creates a gentle back and forth rocking motion that results in ice slush collecting into smooth and round shapes.

Formation of ice balls (diameter 5–10 cm) in Stroomi Beach, Tallinn, Estonia. Image: Aleksandr Abrosimov, Wikimedia
Formation of ice balls (diameter 5–10 cm) in Stroomi Beach, Tallinn, Estonia. Image: Natural phenomena. Formation of ice balls (diameter 5–10 cm) in Stroomi Beach, Tallinn, Estonia. Sunset with the mist over the sea. Temperatures around minus 15–20 degrees. by Aleksandr Abrosimov, Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Where do ice balls form?

Ice balls, while not a common phenomenon, have been observed in different northern hemisphere locations such  RussiaMichigan in the United States, Northern Germany, and, most recently, Finland.  These ice balls can range in size from baseballs to giant boulders up to a meter across.

For a close up of ice balls forming under the ideal watch this video of ice balls along Lake Michigan near Glen Arbor:

Youtube video

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Caitlin Dempsey
Caitlin Dempsey is a geographer, writer, and the founder and editor of Geography Realm. She holds bachelor's and master's degrees in Geography from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), as well as a Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) from San José State University. She has been writing about geography, maps, geographic information systems (GIS), and environmental topics for more than two decades through Geography Realm and its predecessor site, GIS Lounge. Her interests include cartography, remote sensing, environmental geography, and the relationship between people and place.