Geography Basics

Geography is the study of the Earth’s physical and human features, their spatial relationships, and the processes that shape them. It is a broad and interdisciplinary field that incorporates elements of natural science, social science, and the humanities.

Geographers seek to understand the complex interactions between the natural environment and human societies, and the ways in which these interactions vary across different regions and cultures.

This category contains articles about introductory concepts in geography. Find resources, books, lesson plans, and maps for teaching geography to all ages. A fun way to learn about geography is through the use of quizzes which are also listed in this category.

A dry river bed during a drought.

Changes to the Global Water Cycle

Mark Altaweel

Researchers are using Earth observation satellites to track changes to the global water cycle.

19th century panoramic map of St. Louis.

Type of Map Perspective: Bird’s Eye

Caitlin Dempsey

Bird's-eye maps are created from an elevated perspective, showing an area as seen from above.

A to Z Geography: Alabama

Caitlin Dempsey

Here is an alphabetical list of words that relate to Alabama and its geography.

Fog settles over a forest.

Wonderful Words to Describe How We Experience Geography

Caitlin Dempsey

There are some unique words to describe some of how we experience the world around us.

A satellite image with labels for places over Mexico and Texas showing a dust storm.

Haboobs in the United States

Caitlin Dempsey

Haboobs, also known as convectively-driven dust storms, are intense, large-scale dust storms that occur in arid regions in the United States.

A black and white photo showing a park range, a white man in a white shirt, and a young girl wearing light color top and shorts in front of mountains and a prairie.

Triple Divides in the United States

Caitlin Dempsey

A triple divide is a point on Earth where water from that location can potentially travel into three different watersheds.

A map of the United States with the location of dams shown as small orange circles. The surrounding ocean is light blue.

Dams in the United States

Caitlin Dempsey

There are dams in all 50 U.S. states and over 91,000 dams in all.

A view from the middle of the river facing a valley between two mountains on a sunny date with some puffy clouds in the sky.

Heatwaves are Affecting Rivers in the United States

Mark Altaweel

Heatwaves are having an impact on rivers in the United States.

Map centered on North Carolina showing the three physiographic provinces.

Geography of North Carolina

Marques Hayes

Explore the diverse geography of North Carolina.

To understand where north, south, east, and west are, first point your left arm towards the sun in the morning.

Understanding Direction Based on the Sun

Caitlin Dempsey

This lesson plan introduces the concept of direction to young children by using the location of the Sun in order to understand where east, west, north, and south are located.

A section of a 1-4th century map showing the area now known as Great Britain. The ocean is a dark green color and the land is a light grey with dark writing.

Medieval Peutinger Map | Book Review

G.T. Dempsey

The Peutinger Map (Tabula Peutingeriana) is a unique medieval replica of a Roman route map from the late fourth to early fifth centuries.

World map showing where hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones originate from (in orange).

Tropical Cyclones: Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones

Caitlin Dempsey

Depending on where the storm system develops, it will be called a hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone.

A composite satellite imagery map of the United States.

Geography of the United States

Elizabeth Borneman

Extreme temperatures, topography, wind, and other powerful natural forces have shaped the geography of the United States.

A choropleth map showing states in light orange that are single landlocked, medium orange that are double landlocked, and dark orange that are triple landlocked.

Which U.S. States are Landlocked?

Caitlin Dempsey

There are 27 states in the United States that are single, double, or triple landlocked.

A Photochrom print of an isle in the Atlantic Ocean taken in 1905.

Curling Stones Come from Two Quarries in the World

Caitlin Dempsey

Almost all of the granite harvested to create curling stones comes from a small isle off the coast of mainland Scotland.

Satellite image of a half frozen lake in the shape of a heart.

Hearts on Earth

Caitlin Dempsey

Geographers have a spatial way to celebrate Valentine's Day with these natural heart-shaped land features.

A view across a forest with dead trees from a prolonged drought in California.

How a Changing Climate is Affecting Forests in the Western United States

Katarina Samurović

Drought, more intense fires, and invasive species are changing the forest landscapes in Western United States.

A simply diagram showing the location of three populations with red dots. The background is light gray with a blue line for river and green shaded areas for parks.

Distance Decay in Geography

Caitlin Dempsey

Distance decay between two groups of people gives rise to things like languages and regional customs, and distance decay across biomes contributes to the earth's natural diversity.

Gray scale map of the world with a question mark inside a magnifying glass.

Test Your Knowledge of World Geography with these Online Games

Caitlin Dempsey

Geoguesser is an online game that uses images from Google Street View to display a small section of the world.

A view from the International Space Station showing frozen glacial lakes in the Tibetan Plateau.

Largest Plateau in the World

Caitlin Dempsey

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is the world's largest plateau.

How Big Was the Tonga Volcanic Eruption?

Caitlin Dempsey

Tonga was rocked by an undersea volcano eruption on January 15, 2022, which sent shockwaves throughout the planet.

Diagram of the fast carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans.(Diagram adapted from U.S. DOE, Biological and Environmental Research Information System.)

Understanding How Carbon Storage Can Help Meet Climate Goals

Mark Altaweel

The storage of carbon is a critical part of rebalancing the carbon cycle to ensure that climate change is less severe than many predict.

A sideview showing the saturated and unsaturated zones for groundwater.

Groundwater on Earth

Caitlin Dempsey

Groundwater can be divide into two major zones: unsaturated and saturated.

On October 4, 2021 at 1:40 p.m. Western European Time, an astronaut aboard the International Space Station captured this image of the south end of La Palma showing ash plumes rising from the volcano.

Cumbre Vieja Volcano on La Palma Island

Julian Marks

Cumbre Vieja, a volcano on the island of La Palma, erupted again on September 19, 2021.

Geography Quotes

Caitlin Dempsey

A collection of geography related quotes.

The magnetosphere, or magnetic field encircling Earth, is seen in this image.

True North, Magnetic North, and Grid North

Caitlin Dempsey

There are a few definitions of north.