Geography Basics

Geography is the study of the Earth’s physical and human features, their spatial relationships, and the processes that shape them. It is a broad and interdisciplinary field that incorporates elements of natural science, social science, and the humanities.

Geographers seek to understand the complex interactions between the natural environment and human societies, and the ways in which these interactions vary across different regions and cultures.

This category contains articles about introductory concepts in geography. Find resources, books, lesson plans, and maps for teaching geography to all ages. A fun way to learn about geography is through the use of quizzes which are also listed in this category.

The magnetosphere, or magnetic field encircling Earth, is seen in this image.

True North, Magnetic North, and Grid North

Caitlin Dempsey

There are a few definitions of north.

The magnetosphere, or magnetic field encircling Earth, is seen in this image.

The Adams Event – Did Polar Drift Cause Climate Change 42,000 Years Ago?

Katarina Samurović

Some 42,000 years ago, Earth went through several centuries of dramatic climate change and environmental chaos.

Geographers study how humans have altered the landscape. In Chesapeake Bay: L-R: A waterfront residential community; row crops bordered by forest; Baltimore Harbor; piers and crab pots in a waterfront fishing community. Photo: ason Burton, USGS. Public domain.

Introduction to Geography: Exploring The World Around Us

Caitlin Dempsey

Geography is the science that studies the Earth and the physical and human influences that shape it.

What are the Branches of Geography?

Elizabeth Borneman

Geography is divided into two main branches: human geography and physical geography.

Map showing the standard time zones for the entire world. PDF with a higher resolution. Map: CIA, 2018, public domain.

Geography of Time Zones

Elizabeth Borneman

A time zone is a region of the Earth that uses the same standard time, which is commonly referred to as the local time.

A Christmas tree farm in the mountains of western North Carolina. Photo: Randolph Femmer, USGS. Public domain.

What is the AP Human Geography Exam?

Caitlin Dempsey

The AP Human Geography exam requires in depth knowledge and analytical skills in a range of topics in the sub-branch of geography.

October 2020 will see two full moons. Image: NASA, public domain.

Blue Moon on Halloween 2020

Caitlin Dempsey

For the first time since 2001, October will have two full moons.

Recycle your old sneakers.

How to Recycle Sneakers

Caitlin Dempsey

There are a few options for recycling or donating your old sneakers.

What are the Top Geography Programs in 2020?

Caitlin Dempsey

The latest QS World University Rankings by Subject reveal updated rankings for Geography departments around the world.

A picture of a fine art painting showing a man sitting down at his desk wearing a tan suit and his daughter standing next to him in a white dress.

The Geography Lesson (Portrait of Monsieur G. and His Daughter)

Caitlin Dempsey

The Geography Lesson is a fine art painting by French painter Louis-Léopold Boilly from 1812.

Source: NASA, https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/rosat/gallery/display/saa.html

South Atlantic Anomaly: A Growing Dent in the Earth’s Magnetic Field

Caitlin Dempsey

NASA is tracking a dent in the Earth's magnetic field.

Free Digital Geography Books

Caitlin Dempsey

Springer has over 60 open access digital geography books.

A image of a mountain with the black silhouette of a bird of prey flying with annotations to show the difference between elevation and altitude.

What is the Difference Between Elevation and Altitude?

Caitlin Dempsey

The geography terms altitude and elevation have slightly different meanings.

Voyant: Online Text Analysis Tool

Caitlin Dempsey

Voyant is an online text analysis tool that allows users to enter one or more URLs, a block of text, or a set of text documents, and see the results of terminology used.

Collage of geography pioneers

GeoQuiz: Pioneering Geographers

Caitlin Dempsey

Take this quiz to test how well you know about the contributions of these geographers.

Comparative maps for modeling flood risk for (a) the Pearl River Delta, China; (b) Bangladesh; (c) Jakarta, Indonesia; and (d) Bangkok, Thailand. Maps: Kulp & Strauss, 2019.

Researchers Estimate Triples the Number of People Affected by Sea Level Rise

Caitlin Dempsey

New estimates from Climate Central estimate that 340 million to 480 million people would be affected by flooding in coastal areas due to sea level rise.

First High Resolution Map of the U.S. Food Supply Chain

Caitlin Dempsey

A team of researchers used data from several federal sources and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to produce the first high resolution map of how food moves around the United States.

Studies Show Acid Rain May Make Trees Thirstier

Elizabeth Borneman

The Forest Service created an artificial environment in a forest in West Virginia to study how acid rain could influence processes in that forest.

Bosco Verticale building in Milan, Italy. Photo: Plflcn, MediaWiki Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

Africa’s First Vertical Urban Forest

Elizabeth Borneman

Vertical forests are buildings that integrate natural resources like trees, shrubs, and food-producing plants into spaces that can also be used as housing or offices.

Screenshot: Antipodes Map

What’s on the Other Side of the World?

Caitlin Dempsey

The spot diametrically opposed to a location on Earth is called the antipode.

A laptop running QGIS, a mapping software.

What Skills Does a Geographer Need?

Caitlin Dempsey

To be a successful geographer, certain skills are needed in order to be able to understand the Earth’s physical environment as well as human patterns and processes. 

The Wide Impact of Tropical Cyclone Idai

Geo Contributor

The effects of Tropical cyclone Idai were felt as far south as South Africa

The First Color Images of the Earth from Space

Caitlin Dempsey

The first color photographs of the full-disk view of the Earth were taken in 1967

These Two Species Are No Longer Extinct

Caitlin Dempsey

Recently, two formerly extinct species were separately discovered to still be living.

A photo of a small globe wearing a black graduation ap with a red tassel on top of a keyboard.

What Can You do with a Degree in Geography?

Caitlin Dempsey

A good geographer should have knowledge of human-environment relationships, spatial and statistical analysis skills, proficiency in data visualization and strong communication skills.

Geography Extremes

Caitlin Dempsey

Find geography facts about the hottest, coldest, tallest, remote places on Earth.