Hydrology

Hydrology is a branch of geography that studies the properties of water on Earth, especially its movement in relation to land.

View of Lake Tahoe from Emerald Bay. Photo: NASA/JPL.

Largest Alpine Lake in North America

Caitlin Dempsey

Located in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, Lake Tahoe is a freshwater lake that straddles the border between California and Nevada.

The color of water is a by product of how light is absorbed. Mangrove islands bespeckle the bay in upper Lostman's River. Photo: Paul Nelson, U.S. Geological Survey. Public domain.

Rivers in the United States are Changing Colors

Caitlin Dempsey

A team of researchers analyzed Landsat images over a 38-year period and found that a significant number of large U.S. rivers are changing colors.

The natural oasis of Huacachina in Peru. Image: Landsat 8, NASA, public domain.

South America’s Only Natural Oasis

Caitlin Dempsey

Located in the sand dunes in southwestern Peru on edge of the Atacama desert is the only natural oasis in the continent of South America.

Landsat 8 false-color image of the Sea of Galilee. Image: NASA, acquired October 27, 2020.

The Sea of Galilee’s Water Levels are on the Rise

Caitlin Dempsey

Heavy rains have helped the water level in the Sea of Galilee to rebound.

This animated satellite view of the Atlantic Basin shows hurricanes Sally and Paulette, along with tropical storms Rene and Teddy, and tropical depression Twenty-One (which was named later in the day on September 14, 2020 as Tropical Storm Vicky).

Five Tropical Cyclones in the Atlantic Basin

Caitlin Dempsey

There are currently five tropical cyclones active in the Atlantic Basin.

Amazon River, modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2019), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO,https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/09/Amazon_River

Satellite Imagery of the Widest River in the World

Caitlin Dempsey

The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission captured this satellite image of the Amazon river that has been processed by the combining of two polarisations into one image.

Hurricane Laura Made This River Flow Backwards Temporarily

Caitlin Dempsey

When Hurricane Laura came onshore near Texas and Louisiana, its winds were so strong that it pushed the waters of the River Neches backwards for about 12 hours.

Find Your Way Downstream with Streamer

Rebecca Maxwell

Water is essential for life on the planet, and tool from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) makes it easy and fun ...

High tide flooding in Port Orchard, Washington, on Jan. 6, 2010. (Ray Garrido, courtesy of Washington Department of Ecology)

Sunny Day Flooding is Increasing

Elizabeth Borneman

Research has shown that the instances of tidal flooding have increased on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts of the United States.

How New York City is Protecting Its Subway System Against Flooding

Caitlin Dempsey

A flex-gate is a highly flexible covering that can be quickly deployed to protect a subway's entrance and underground structures in the event of a flood.

More Frequent and Intense Tropical Storms Can Change the Geography and Ecology of Coastlines

Elizabeth Borneman

UNC researchers studied North Carolina tropical cyclones over 120 years.

Satellite image showing the changing river patterns of the Amazon River. Image: NASA, public domain.

Geography Facts About the Amazon River

Caitlin Dempsey

The Amazon River is one of the world's longest and largest rivers.  Here are some interesting geographical facts about the Amazon River.

Water vapor imagery of the eastern Pacific Ocean from the GOES 11 satellite, showing a large atmospheric river aimed across California. Image from United States Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey. (Captured December 20, 2010).

Atmospheric Rivers

Caitlin Dempsey

Atmospheric Rivers are trails of moisture in the atmosphere composed of condensed water vapor.

Geography Facts About the Mississippi Watershed

Caitlin Dempsey

The Mississippi watershed is the largest drainage basin in North America.

Earth from Above: Green River

Caitlin Dempsey

An astronaut aboard the International Space Station captured a segment of the river around Boxknot Bend just north of Canyonlands National Park.

Debris from the 2011 Japanese Tsunami Carried Almost 300 Marine Species Across the Pacific Ocean

Caitlin Dempsey

A group of researchers inventoried what marine species traveled across the Pacific Ocean between 2012 and 2017 as the result of a biological rafting event created by the 2011 Japanese Tsunami.

Shaded relief map showing the Great Lakes in blue and the surrounding areas in shades of green and yellow with the mnemonic "HOMES" in bold black letters.

Geography Mnemonics to Help Learn About the Great Lakes

Caitlin Dempsey

Learning the names of the Great Lakes can be aided through the use of mnemonics, a learning device that uses patterns to help with recall.

The Caño Cristales up close. Photo: Mario Carvajal, Caño Crystals Project.

Caño Cristales, the Rainbow River

Elizabeth Borneman

The river Caño Cristales, is also known as the river of five colors for the vibrant path it winds through the Colombian landscape.

A blue and white map showing changes to a river.

Cartography of an Oregon River

Elizabeth Borneman

Dan Coe used a geospatial technology called LiDAR to map changes in the flow of the Willamette River in Oregon.

Location map showing where the Sargasso Sea is located. The base map is a tinted topography map showing the surrounding continents and a blue ocean.

The Only Sea in the World Without a Coast

Caitlin Dempsey

The Sargasso Sea is a "sea within a sea" with no land boundaries.

Laguna Grande is a 50-hectare salt-water lagoon located in the municipio of Fajardo, in the eastern-most tip of Puerto Rico. Photo: USGS.

Limnology

Elizabeth Borneman

Limnology is an area of geography that studies bodies of water located inland such as lakes, rivers, wetlands, streams, watersheds, and reservoirs.

MODIS image from May 29, 2002 showing Finland and its many lakes in the middle of the satellite image. Source: NASA, public domain.

Why Does Finland Have So Many Lakes?

Elizabeth Borneman

Finland, with over 187,000 estimated lakes, is known as the "Land of a Thousand Lakes".

A satellite image showing Lake Titicaca, which straddles the border of Peru and Bolivia with the Andes Mountains to the top right. Source: NASA

Lake Extremes

Caitlin Dempsey

What are the world's largest freshwater lake, the world’s largest saltwater lake, the world’s deepest freshwater lake, the highest navigable lake, and the saltiest lake?

Simple map with blue for the thousands of Minnesota hydrographical features in deep blue against a white background.

How Many Lakes are There in the World?

Caitlin Dempsey

Using high-resolution satellite images, researchers created the GLObal WAter BOdies database (GLOWABO), which includes all lakes larger than 0.002 km2.

Aral Sea Continues to Shrink

Caitlin Dempsey

Once the  fourth-largest inland water body in the world, the Aral Sea shrank again in 2013

Bodensee (Lake Constance). Satellite imagery: NASA World Wind, 2005.

Where is the Only Area in Europe Where no Borders Exist?

Caitlin Dempsey

Lake Constance's shoreline touches three different countries: Germany to the north, Switzerland to the south and Austria at its eastern end. The water body itself contains no borders since there is no legally binding agreement between the three countries.