Physical Geography

Physical geography focuses on geography as an Earth science (and is sometimes called Earth System Science).

Physical geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of the natural features and processes of the Earth’s surface. It includes the examination of landforms, climate, vegetation, soils, and water resources. Physical geographers use a range of scientific methods and tools to analyze and understand the complex interactions between the Earth’s physical systems.

Learn about the different branches of geography that fall under the physical geography category: climatology, geomorphology, biogeography, and more.

This astronaut photograph of the Eastern Branch of the Rift (near Kenya’s southern border) highlights the classical geologic structures associated with a tectonic rift valley. Astronaut photograph ISS030-E-35487 was acquired on January 14, 2012.

The Continent of Africa Might Eventually Split

Elizabeth Borneman

Rifts could split Africa into pieces and create a new ocean that would form in the rift valleys.

A herd of caribou swims across the Noatak River in Alaska, heading south for the winter. Photo: NPS, Noatak National Preserve, Alaska, public domain.

New Maps For Ungulate Migration Routes Across the Western U.S.

Katarina Samurović

Federal and state wildlife biologists have come together to create a unique map of ungulate migrations across the American West.

High-resolution global composites of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Source: NASA.

Quick Geography Facts About Planet Earth

Caitlin Dempsey

Find quick information about planet earth including the age, mass, volume, and make up of the earth's crust.

Aqua satellite image of northwestern Honshu Island covered in snow on February 26, 2018. Image; NASA.

Japan’s Snow Country

Marques Hayes

Snow Country is the name of a region in northwestern Japan.

Landsat 8 satellite image of Mount Fiji on January 1, 2021. Source: NASA.

Mount Fuji’s Snow is at a 20-Year Low

Caitlin Dempsey

Satellite data that has tracked snow cover on Mount Fuji shows that the 2020 snow levels are the lowest since 2000.

A diagram showing areas of the world covered in forests and a graph using tree symbols to show which countries have the highest amount of forests.

Climate Change is Shrinking Forests in North America

Caitlin Dempsey

The impact of climate change is reducing the amount of habitat where the trees of North America can thrive.

Tourist watch steam vent from Steamboat Geyser on Setpmber 4, 2014, the day after it erupted. Photo: Neal Herbert/NPS, public domain.

World’s Largest Active Geyser

Caitlin Dempsey

Located in the Norris Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park is Steamboat Geyser, the world's largest active geyser.

White heron wading in the wetlands in Ironia, New Jersey. Photo: USGS, public domain

Flooding Can Help Protect Wetlands From Climate Change

Elizabeth Borneman

Targeted flooding may be one tool that conservationists and wetland restoration specialists have to make wetland areas more resilient in the face of climate change.

Plentiful rains leads to superblooms where the desert becomes blanketed with wildflowers. Photo: Death Valley, NPS, spring 2005.

Geography Facts About Death Valley

Caitlin Dempsey

Learn some interesting geography facts in this article about Death Valley.

Badwater Basin, Death Valley National Park. Photo: NPS, public domain.

The Lowest Point in Every U.S. State

Caitlin Dempsey

This article takes a look at the lowest elevation point in every state in the U.S.

The color of water is a by product of how light is absorbed. Mangrove islands bespeckle the bay in upper Lostman's River. Photo: Paul Nelson, U.S. Geological Survey. Public domain.

Rivers in the United States are Changing Colors

Caitlin Dempsey

A team of researchers analyzed Landsat images over a 38-year period and found that a significant number of large U.S. rivers are changing colors.

The natural oasis of Huacachina in Peru. Image: Landsat 8, NASA, public domain.

South America’s Only Natural Oasis

Caitlin Dempsey

Located in the sand dunes in southwestern Peru on edge of the Atacama desert is the only natural oasis in the continent of South America.

The growth of the crack on the Brunt Ice Shelf. Change detection satellite images courtesy of EOS Data Analytics

A View of 2020 from Space

Geo Contributor

EOS Data Analytics, an AI-powered satellite analytics platform, shares satellite imagery that highlights some of the environmental tragedies that occurred in 2020 — California and Colorado fires, Hurricane Laura, Kamchatka spill, Norilsk oil spill, and the Calving on the Brunt Ice Shelf.

Landsat 8 false-color image of the Sea of Galilee. Image: NASA, acquired October 27, 2020.

The Sea of Galilee’s Water Levels are on the Rise

Caitlin Dempsey

Heavy rains have helped the water level in the Sea of Galilee to rebound.

Planting a longleaf pine seedling, Big Thicket National Preserve. Photo: NPS, public domain.

Mega Tree Planting Efforts Around the World

Katarina Samurović

As a response to the global deforestation crisis, many countries, organizations, and influencers have started mega-tree planting projects.

Eelgrass at Cape Cod National Seashore. Photo: USGS, public domain.

The World’s Biggest Seagrass Restoration Project Is Good News for Marine Life and Climate

Katarina Samurović

Researchers have been conducting the world’s most extensive seagrass meadow restoration.

Physical weathering by waves at Arcadia National Park in Maine. Photo: John J. Mosesso, USGS. Public domain.

Sub-branches of Physical Geography

Elizabeth Borneman

Physical geography is one of the two primary branches of geography.

Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) Pacific herring reared in the wet laboratory at the Marrowstone Marine Field Station. Photo: USGS, public domain

Study Finds Staggering Decline in Marine Fishery Biomass

Katarina Samurović

A recent global long-term fishery biomass trends evaluation has found an alarming decline in fish populations worldwide.

Natural color images from the NOAA-NASA Suomi NPP satellite of fires burning in Colorado. Image: NASA, August 15, 2020, public domain.

Three of Colorado’s Wildfires are the Largest in Recorded History for the State

Caitlin Dempsey

Widespread drought and heat waves are helping to fuel a record-breaking fire season in Colorado.

Douglas fir forest on the west side of the Cascade Mountains, McKenzie Pass, Willamette National Forest. Photo: David Goodrich, NOAA. Public domain.

Rapid Growth Shortens Trees’ Lifespans – and Adds to the Climate Crisis

Katarina Samurović

Researchers have found that trees growing faster due to warming conditions are also dying faster.

Freshwater habitats are in decline and under threat. Lindsey Slough in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is being choked by invasive aquatic vegetation. Photo: USGS, public domain.

WWF Report: Wildlife Has Declined 68% Since 1970

Katarina Samurović

In their latest Living Planet 2020 report, WWF revealed that global wildlife is facing catastrophic decline.

Attu Island, Alaska, July 4, 2000. Source: NASA Terra Satellite, public domain.

This Island is the Westernmost Point of the United States

Caitlin Dempsey

Located towards the end of the Aleutian Island chain, this Alaskan island is the westernmost spot in the United States.

Mount Logan is the highest in mountain in Canada at 5,959 meters (19,551 feet)

What is a Mountain?

Caitlin Dempsey

While it is widely assumed that a mountain is higher than a hill, there is no universally accepted definition of a mountain.

A group of crows roosting in a tree at dusk.

Why Do Crows Flock in Large Numbers?

Caitlin Dempsey

Why do crows start gathering in large numbers at certain times of the year?

Paulette Returns as a Zombie Storm

Caitlin Dempsey

Paulette briefly evolved back into a tropical storm, making it a zombie storm according to NASA and NOAA.

NOAA/NASA's Suomi NPP captured this image of a rare tropical-like storm system in the Mediterranean Sea intensifying off of Italy's southern coast on November 18, 2017. The image shows a well-defined eyewall as the storm entered the Ionian Sea between Italy and Greece. Image: NOAA, public domain.

What is a Medicane?

Caitlin Dempsey

Medicane is a tropical-like cyclone that forms in the Mediterranean Sea.