Physical Geography

Physical geography focuses on geography as an Earth science (and is sometimes called Earth System Science).

Physical geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of the natural features and processes of the Earth’s surface. It includes the examination of landforms, climate, vegetation, soils, and water resources. Physical geographers use a range of scientific methods and tools to analyze and understand the complex interactions between the Earth’s physical systems.

Learn about the different branches of geography that fall under the physical geography category: climatology, geomorphology, biogeography, and more.

A giant sequoia tree at Yosemite National Park's Mariposa Grove of Big Trees.

Geography of Giant Sequoias

Elizabeth Borneman

Giant sequoias are one of the longest lived tree species, with the oldest giant sequoia living an estimated 3,400 years.

A lizard clinging upright on a steep rock with dried grass behind it.

Urbanization is Shortening the Legs of Western Fence Lizards

Caitlin Dempsey

Western fence lizards have adapted to manmade surfaces in urban areas by developing shorter limbs and toes.

An American robin on a tree branch.

Most Abundant Landbird in the United States and Canada

Caitlin Dempsey

The American robin has the largest population among all landbirds in the United States and Canada.

McKinley Lake near Cordova, Alaska

Which States Have the Highest Percentage of Water Area?

Caitlin Dempsey

Water shapes U.S. states' geography and ecosystems. Which states have the highest and lowest percentages of area covered by perennial water?

A fox squirrel lying with legs stretched in the grass.

Why Do Squirrels Lie Flat?

Caitlin Dempsey

There are several reasons for why squirrels will lie flat on the ground, a patio railing, or tree branch.