Caitlin Dempsey

Caitlin Dempsey is a geographer, writer, and founder and editor of Geography Realm. She holds bachelor's and master's degrees in Geography from UCLA and a Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) from San José State University.

For more than two decades, she has written about geography, maps, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, satellite imagery, and environmental science. Her work focuses on making geography accessible to a broad audience through articles, tutorials, and educational resources.

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A satellite imagery that has NDWI calculations in blue to show the extent of flooding.

How Normalized Difference Water Index is Used to Map Flooding

Caitlin Dempsey

The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is a calculation used in remote sensing to monitor and measure the amount of moisture in vegetation and surface water bodies.

Google's Earth Engine Data Catalog lets users discover public geospatial datasets.

Find Public GIS Data with Google’s Earth Engine Catalog

Caitlin Dempsey

The Earth Engine Data Catalog lets users search and discover Earth observation public datasets.

A small sparrow clings to a reed.

Alviso Slough in the San Francisco Bay

Caitlin Dempsey

The Alviso Slough in the San Franciso Bay is a restored salt marsh that lies in the path of the Pacific Flyway.

A map showing moisture levels carried by an atmospheric river over the West Coast including California. High moisture levels are a dark blue-green and low moisture levels are brown.

What is the Outlook for California’s Atmospheric Rivers?

Caitlin Dempsey

During the winter months, atmospheric rivers carry enormous amounts of water to the state of California.

PurpleAir provides crowdsourced air quality measurements.

A Review of the State of Crowdsourced Geospatial Data

Caitlin Dempsey

A review in the Journal of Remote Sensing provides an updated look at the benefits and concerns when it comes to collaborative geospatial data collection.

A completed polygon that has been digitized with artificial intelligence from a map.

Using AI to Digitize Data From Scanned Maps

Caitlin Dempsey

This AI-powered plugin is designed to automate the digitization of data from scanned maps and PDFs in QGIS for GIS users.

A view of the QGIS map canvas with a scanned map overlaying OpenStreetMap street data.

Learn How to Georeference a Map in QGIS Using GIS Data

Caitlin Dempsey

Learn how to georeference scanned maps in QGIS using reference GIS data and control points when no coordinate grid is available.

Photo of the coastline of Acadia National Park.

The Coastline Paradox: Why Measuring Coastlines isn’t that Simple

Caitlin Dempsey

The coastline paradox is the concept that the measured length of a coastline will change depending on the scale of the GIS data used for the measurement.

A view of a green covered mountain with misty clouds in the foreground.

What is England’s Highest Mountain?

Caitlin Dempsey

Found at 978 metres (3,209 ft) above sea level, Scafell Pike is located in Lake District National Park in Cumbria.  

A raft of sea otters. Photo: USFWS, public domain

Sea Otters are a Keystone Species

Caitlin Dempsey

Keystone species are plants or animals, like the sea otter, whose presence in an ecosystem plays a crucial role in its health.

A grayscale shaded relief map of the western part of Canada with red areas on top showing glaciers.

Mapping Glacier Loss in Western Canada

Caitlin Dempsey

Researchers are using remotely sensed data and satellite imagery to map glacier loss in Western Canada.

An AI generated drawing showing four kids at a long table looking at maps on a screen.

Teaching GIS to Kids to Help Them Learn Spatial Skills

Caitlin Dempsey

Tips and resources to help you get started with teaching your children about GIS and mapping.

An oblique view of Hawaii showing two snow-capped volcanoes.

Snow in Hawaii

Caitlin Dempsey

Hawaii may be in the tropics, but it gets snow every year.

A shaded relief map centered on Antarctica with different colored circles for the different types of penguin nesting sites.

Geography of Penguins

Caitlin Dempsey

Discover where penguins live, from Antarctic sea ice to tropical islands, and what shapes their geographic distribution.

GIS User Groups in the United States

Caitlin Dempsey

GIS user groups are a great way to network with other GIS professionals on a local level. GIS user groups commonly are organized at the regional level.

A natural shaded relief map of Antarctica showing in a bold line the 60° S extent of the Southern Ocean.

Geography Facts About the Southern Ocean

Caitlin Dempsey

The Southern Ocean is the Earth's windiest, southernmost ocean and plays a vital role in Earth's environmental health.

Double rainbow seen from Lower Mammoth in Yellowstone National Park. Photo: Dan Hottle/NPS, public domain.

Exploring Rainbows and Moonbows

Caitlin Dempsey

Rainbows and moonbows occur when light is refracted through drops of water in the sky.

A gray map of Oklahoma with the point locations of cities buffered in different sized purple circles depending on the elevation.

Buffers in GIS

Caitlin Dempsey

A buffer in GIS is a reclassification based on distance.

An AI generated closeup of a red, orange, and yellow fall leaves with a dusting of snow.

What is Snowliage?

Caitlin Dempsey

Snowliage is when an early winter storm creates a bright white snowfall that contrasts with the red, oranges, and yellow fall foliage of trees.

A person in a control room with computer monitors that display a world map tracking Santa Claus's journey, including an image of Santa in his sleigh pulled by reindeer.

How to Track Santa Claus in 2023

Caitlin Dempsey

Learn about the history of tracking Santa's Christmas travels and how to follow Santa using NORAD's app.

QGIS is a very popular popular open source GIS software.

GIS Tutorials

Caitlin Dempsey

Online GIS tutorials from Geography Realm for mapping and data analysis.

A cropped closeup view of the monarch butterflies.

Monarch Butterfly Overwintering in California

Caitlin Dempsey

November and December are the best times to see large clusters of monarch butterflies overwintering in the coastal groves of California.

A shaded relief map of the United States with inset maps for Alaska and Hawaii with lowest points in each state marked with a small black dot and highest points in each state marked with a red diamond symbol.

U.S. States With the Most Extreme Elevation Spans

Caitlin Dempsey

Here are the states with the greatest difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points.

Southern California neighborhood scarred by wildfire. Photo: Jon Keeley, USGS Western Ecological Research Center. Public domain.

Study: More U.S. Homes Burn in Grassland and Shrubland Fires than Forest Wildfires

Caitlin Dempsey

A new study in Science reports that in the United States, grassland and shrubland fires tend to be more extensive and burn more houses than forest fires.

What is the Difference Between a Crow and a Raven

Caitlin Dempsey

Here are some ways you can determine the difference between the common raven (Corvus corax) and the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos).

Three wolves eating a deer in the snow.

Study: Human Activities Have Changed How Wolves Hunt Deer

Caitlin Dempsey

Logging, linear features, and human infrastructure are changing where wolves hunt for deer.